Using a simple definition, a proxy is basically a server that sits between a user and the destination server that the user is accessing. It is an intermediary or go-between that requests resources from the destination server on the user’s behalf.

On of the most common uses of a proxy server is for anonymous web surfing. When a user is connected through a proxy server, the IP address of the web proxy is used to communicate with the destination server and thus the IP address of the user is hidden. This can be used to allow a user access to systems where their access might normally be blocked, or because an IP address identifies a user’s geographic location, it can be used to disguise the country where a user is located.

There are thousands of free proxy servers set up in countries around the world, and lists of these servers can easily be found on the web. When a user visits one of these sites, they enter the web address of the site they wish to visit. From that point on, the true IP address of the user is protected and the destination server only sees the IP address of the proxy server.

Students use web proxies to allow them to access web sites whose IP addresses are blocked by their school’s server. For example, if a school has blocked all the known IP addresses for porn sites, students might still be able to access these sites through a proxy. Because of uses intended to circumvent normal security, lists of the IP addresses of known proxy servers are available, which can also be blocked by a company or school network.

If you are concerned about protecting your identity while on the web, a proxy server can help with anonymity. But be aware that these servers can have a malicious intent and can be used to cache information that passes through them, which means that you never want to use one of these intermediaries to log into your bank account or any web site where exposing user IDs and passwords can be detrimental. This can be a path to identity theft.

There are other malicious uses for these servers. Many e-commerce sites capture the IP addresses of customers who purchase products. They are used to identify the geographic location of a customer to help prevent fraud. If a customer’s street address is in Boston, but their IP address identifies their geographic location as Nigeria or China, the chances are more than good that a stolen credit card is being used. Many sophisticated online thieves use domestic drop points or freight forwarding companies where products are shipped and later forwarded to the thief. They have also learned to use web proxy servers to hide their location, or make it appear that they are located in a country not known for credit card fraud.
There are many legitimate uses for proxy servers. AOL has traditionally cached commonly visited web pages and altered JPG images by compressing them to speed up web access for their users. They can also be used by schools and companies to filter content, and by ISPs that restrict access to family friendly content.

If you are going to use a proxy server, try to identify those that are legitimate. Many are, but some are not. As a general rule, never access sensitive sites that require a user ID and password. This includes your e-mail accounts.

In 2003, the Wi-Fi Alliance released a security standard called Wi-Fi Protected Access. Although the first version (WPA), which uses TKIP/RC4 encryption, has gotten beaten up a bit, is not totally cracked, and can still be very secure.

The second version (WPA2), released in mid-2004, does provide complete security, however, because it fully implements the IEEE 802.11i security standard with CCMP/AES encryption.

In this article, we’ll discover the two very different modes of Wi-Fi Protected Access. We’ll see how and why you’d want to move from the easy-to-use Personal mode to the Enterprise mode.

Two Modes of WPA/WPA2: Personal (PSK) versus Enterprise

Both versions of Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA/WPA2) can be implemented in either of two modes:

* Personal or Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Mode: This mode is appropriate for most home networks—but not business networks. You define an encryption passphrase on the wireless router and any other access points (APs). Then the passphrase must be entered by users when connecting to the Wi-Fi network.

Though this mode seems very easy to implement, it actually makes properly securing a business network nearly impossible. Unlike with the Enterprise mode, wireless access can’t be individually or centrally managed. One passphrase applies to all users. If the global passphrase should need to be changed, it must be manually changed on all the APs and computers. This would be a big headache when you need to change it; for instance, when an employee leaves the company or when any computers are stolen or compromised.

Unlike with the Enterprise mode, the encryption passphrase is stored on the computers. Therefore, anyone on the computer—whether it be employees or thieves—can connect to the network and also recover the encryption passphrase.
* Enterprise (EAP/RADIUS) Mode: This mode provides the security needed for wireless networks in business environments. Though more complicated to set up, it offers individualized and centralized control over access to your Wi-Fi network. Users are assigned login credentials they must present when connecting to the network, which can be modified or revoked by administrators at anytime.

Users never deal with the actual encryption keys. They are securely created and assigned per user session in the background after a user presents their login credentials. This prevents people from recovering the network key from computers.

We have all seen the icons that appear next to the address bars on some websites, and the logos that appear on the bookmark list when you bookmark the websites. If you use Firefox, you will see the icon appear on that tab bar.

But have you ever wondered how it’s done? Here’s how to add it, and I’m going to try to make it as easy as possible for you to implement it on your own website or blog site.
So here is how you add it to your website

1. Find a picture you want to use, and make sure it’s something that looks good at 16 x 16

2. In order to make the image appear on the website, it has to be in a icon or .ico format. You can use a image editor program to do it, such as Irfanview, or you can follow this link to html-kit, and use their FavIcon from pics Generator. A website that lets you create your own Icon, is http://www.favicon.cc/ . You can just draw in the icon you want and download the picture. and it gives you a live view of the icon you are drawing, underneath the input area.

2a. If you used Irfanview – all you need to do is open the picture in the program, Press Ctril + R. Then look at the bottom of the screen for Preserve Aspect Ratio and un-check it. Then set the width and the height to 16. Press ok, and then Press S to save it, and under the filename you will see a box that says Save as type. Change this to ICO – WIndows ICO and save it as favicon. ( You can use different names for this icon, I just prefer to use favicon )

2b. If you used Html-kit, just click Browse in the Source Image box, and find the image you want to use, and then click generate FavIcon.ico. Then on the next page click Download Favicon.ico.  The file is zipped so you need to use a program to uncompress it. If your computer doesn’t automatically open the file, then I recommend using IZArc.

3. Once you have the picture converted to an .ICO file, you need to upload it to your website. I prefer to put the favicon.ico file in the root directory of the website.

4. Now that it’s on your website, you need to add 2 lines of html code to header part of your website. If you use WordPress, this is how you add it.

4a. WordPress – Log into the WordPress back office, and click on Presentation. Now goto Theme Editor, and on the right hand side under theme files, you want to locate Header and then click on it. Once it opens you want to find the last <link rel=  Line then copy and paste these 2 lines in. Remember to put in your website address, and the name of the icon if you changed it to something other than favicon.ico

<link rel=”icon” type=”image/x-ico” href=”http://www.yourwebsite.com/favicon.ico” />
<link rel=”shortcut icon” type=”image/x-icon” href=”http://www.yourwebsite.com/favicon.ico” />

The reason I type out the full address to the FavIcon is because of a bug in some wordpress themes. I have noticed that if you just use /favicon.ico, that sometimes the icon will only appear on the home page and not appear on other pages.

The first link rel line adds the Icon to Address bars, and Firefox Tabs,

The second link rel line adds your icon to a users Bookmark list.

The Domain Name System (DNS) converts web addresses, such as cbronline.com, into a unique Internet Protocol (IP) number, which computers use to communicate with each other.

Google believes that its own public DNS system should speed up the web browsing process, which can be slowed down by multiple DNS requests on a single site. “The average Internet user ends up performing hundreds of DNS lookups each day, and some complex pages require multiple DNS lookups before they start loading,” said Prem Ramaswami, product manager, on the official Google blog.

“Our research has shown that speed matters to Internet users, so over the past several months our engineers have been working to make improvements to our public DNS resolver to make users’ web-surfing experiences faster, safer and more reliable,” Ramaswami said.

DNS provider Nominum earlier this year launched Intelligent DNS, which it said makes Internet browsing safer. The new platform can block access to any site that is carrying malicious software such as botnets, phishing attempts and illegal content. This also uses real-time visibility to protect against attacks within seconds of their launch.

Speaking to CBR about the launch of Intelligent DNS, Gopala Tumuluri, Nominum’s VP of marketing and business development said that legacy DNS did not adequately protect users from online threats. “All legacy DNS did was get the request for a domain name and get the IP address from that,” he said. “It didn’t check whether the site was safe, secure or even whether it was the intended destination.”

The recently introduced 21-inch iMac was the top-selling desktop for the month, Stephen Baker, NPD’s vice president of industry analysis, said in an interview. Apple’s high-end iMac 27-inch model took the No. 3 spot in the desktop category, he said.

“Apple gets a bounce whenever they come out with new computers,” Baker said. “For the most part, October was a down month on the Windows side because [PC manufacturers] were working through inventory before the Windows 7 launch.”

The company also took the top spot in the notebook category in October, with the $1,199 MacBook Pro, Baker said. Overall, Apple took 4 out of the top 10 positions for notebooks in U.S. retail for the month, according to Baker. In addition to the top-seeded MacBook Pro, Apple also secured the 8, 9, and 10 positions.

“[The $1,199 MacBook Pro has] always been a great seller,” Baker said. “It’s priced pretty aggressively for Apple, but to some extent, it also benefited from the same slowdown on the Windows side.”

NPD has not released an official report on the sales data, and Baker declined to give a rundown of the other computers in NPD’s top-10 lists for desktop and notebook retail sales in the United States in October. It is important to note that while the NPD data includes online and retail stores, it does not factor in direct sales.

Sales of computers in October were obviously very good for Apple, but Baker doesn’t feel that the so-called “halo effect” from the iPhone or iPod is what is driving sales. Rather, he points to the overall consumer experience.

“Over past few years, Apple has continued to gain share in the market, and there are a lot of ways to explain that,” Baker said. “It could be the stores, the computers themselves, the iPod, or iPhone. I think it’s a combination of all those things.”